















































|
Mountain Limestone
Section of the Mountain Limestone Formation between the Tweed and Coquet, prepared by Messrs. William and John Wilson, of Shilbottle Colliery
Shaft Details
Switch to measurements in:
fathoms, feet & inches, or metres


 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
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|

|
| Geology encountered |
Thickness |
|
Depth |
| |
ft. |
in. |
|
ft. |
in. |
| Coarse sandstone rock |
60 |
0 |
|
60 |
0 |
| At Warkworth Hermitage and Hounden Dene. |
0 |
0 |
|
60 |
0 |
| Blue metal |
7 |
0 |
|
67 |
0 |
| COAL |
2 |
0 |
|
69 |
0 |
| At Hounden Dene Burn and the Coquet. |
0 |
0 |
|
69 |
0 |
| Black and grey metal |
18 |
0 |
|
87 |
0 |
| Coarse pebbly sandstone |
84 |
0 |
|
171 |
0 |
| At Shortridge House. |
0 |
0 |
|
171 |
0 |
| Blue metal |
10 |
0 |
|
181 |
0 |
| Iron band |
0 |
2 |
|
181 |
2 |
| White metal |
2 |
0 |
|
183 |
2 |
| Blue metal |
0 |
3 |
|
183 |
5 |
| White metal |
7 |
2 |
|
190 |
7 |
| Blue metal |
1 |
0 |
|
191 |
7 |
| Hard sandstone |
11 |
9 |
|
203 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
10 |
9 |
|
214 |
1 |
| COAL |
0 |
6 |
|
214 |
7 |
| Black metal |
1 |
6 |
|
216 |
1 |
| White metal |
3 |
8 |
|
219 |
9 |
| Blue metal |
5 |
6 |
|
225 |
3 |
| Beddy freestone |
6 |
9 |
|
232 |
0 |
| White freestone |
9 |
0 |
|
241 |
0 |
| Blue metal |
5 |
4 |
|
246 |
4 |
| Sandstone |
0 |
6 |
|
246 |
10 |
| COAL |
0 |
6 |
|
247 |
4 |
| Grey metal |
10 |
0 |
|
257 |
4 |
| Bastard limestone |
1 |
0 |
|
258 |
4 |
| Grey metal |
3 |
0 |
|
261 |
4 |
| White metal |
3 |
9 |
|
265 |
1 |
| Blue metal |
5 |
9 |
|
270 |
10 |
| Beddy freestone |
3 |
9 |
|
274 |
7 |
| Blue metal |
3 |
4 |
|
277 |
11 |
| Bastard limestone |
0 |
9 |
|
278 |
8 |
| Blue metal |
1 |
4 |
|
280 |
0 |
| Brown sandstone |
1 |
5 |
|
281 |
5 |
| Beddy sandstone |
11 |
8 |
|
293 |
1 |
| Pale blue metal |
18 |
0 |
|
311 |
1 |
| Soft limestone |
23 |
0 |
|
334 |
1 |
| Sandstone |
3 |
0 |
|
337 |
1 |
| Bastard limestone |
3 |
3 |
|
340 |
4 |
| Metal |
2 |
9 |
|
343 |
1 |
| Sandstone |
0 |
6 |
|
343 |
7 |
| Metal |
1 |
6 |
|
345 |
1 |
| White sandstone |
11 |
0 |
|
356 |
1 |
| Bastard limestone |
1 |
4 |
|
357 |
5 |
| White limestone |
4 |
9 |
|
362 |
2 |
| Dun sandstone |
2 |
5 |
|
364 |
7 |
| Blue metal |
1 |
1 |
|
365 |
8 |
| Grey sandstone |
3 |
11 |
|
369 |
7 |
| Limestone |
4 |
3 |
|
373 |
10 |
| Grey sandstone |
6 |
10 |
|
380 |
8 |
| Blue metal |
26 |
0 |
|
406 |
8 |
| White flinty stone, very hard |
12 |
0 |
|
418 |
8 |
| Metal |
2 |
0 |
|
420 |
8 |
| Sandstone |
4 |
0 |
|
424 |
8 |
| White sandstone |
2 |
7 |
|
427 |
3 |
| Dun metal |
3 |
0 |
|
430 |
3 |
| Grey sandstone |
10 |
0 |
|
440 |
3 |
| Metal |
1 |
6 |
|
441 |
9 |
| Hard dark stone |
1 |
2 |
|
442 |
11 |
| Blue metal |
14 |
6 |
|
457 |
5 |
| Limestone |
4 |
0 |
|
461 |
5 |
| Little Lime (?) |
0 |
0 |
|
461 |
5 |
| Blue metal |
1 |
3 |
|
462 |
8 |
| Grey sandstone |
1 |
6 |
|
464 |
2 |
| Blue metal |
1 |
3 |
|
465 |
5 |
| Grey metal |
2 |
7 |
|
468 |
0 |
| Grey sandstone |
19 |
9 |
|
487 |
9 |
| White sandstone |
31 |
7 |
|
519 |
4 |
| Full of water, running 20 gallons per minute at top of hole. |
0 |
0 |
|
519 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
2 |
2 |
|
521 |
6 |
| Dun sandstone |
4 |
1 |
|
525 |
7 |
| Dun metal |
3 |
2 |
|
528 |
9 |
| Dun sandstone |
10 |
5 |
|
539 |
2 |
| Dun metal |
6 |
6 |
|
545 |
8 |
| Grey sandstone beds |
12 |
9 |
|
558 |
5 |
| Beddy metal |
8 |
0 |
|
566 |
5 |
| Grey sandstone |
6 |
2 |
|
572 |
7 |
| Blue metal |
3 |
9 |
|
576 |
4 |
| Sandstone and beds of metal |
72 |
0 |
|
648 |
4 |
| Coarse grey sandstone |
27 |
0 |
|
675 |
4 |
| Sandstone and beds of metal |
20 |
0 |
|
695 |
4 |
| Limestone |
3 |
0 |
|
698 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
8 |
0 |
|
706 |
4 |
| COAL |
2 |
1 |
|
708 |
5 |
| COAL, fine |
0 |
9 |
|
|
|
| COAL, coarse |
1 |
0 |
|
|
|
| COAL, fine |
0 |
4 |
|
|
|
| Laying in valley to North-east from Woodhouse. |
0 |
0 |
|
708 |
5 |
| Blue metal |
10 |
0 |
|
718 |
5 |
| Dun sandstone |
3 |
0 |
|
721 |
5 |
| Coarse yellow sandstone |
66 |
0 |
|
787 |
5 |
| At Hill Head Dene Well. |
0 |
0 |
|
787 |
5 |
| Grey metal |
50 |
0 |
|
837 |
5 |
| Beddy sandstone |
27 |
0 |
|
864 |
5 |
| Metal |
5 |
0 |
|
869 |
5 |
| COAL |
2 |
0 |
|
871 |
5 |
| Shilbottle, Hill Head, or Licker Coal, found Sooth of Shilbottle, and at Hazon Lea, Dryburn, Berrington, Licker, Chirm, and Birkheads. |
0 |
0 |
|
871 |
5 |
| Grey thilly stone |
15 |
0 |
|
886 |
5 |
| Sandstone |
23 |
6 |
|
909 |
11 |
| Shilbottle Beacon Freestone Quarry. Fossil plants. |
0 |
0 |
|
909 |
11 |
| Blue metal |
9 |
0 |
|
918 |
11 |
| Limestone |
4 |
0 |
|
922 |
11 |
| At Beacon, above Shilbottle. |
0 |
0 |
|
922 |
11 |
| Black metal |
4 |
6 |
|
927 |
5 |
| Limestone |
2 |
6 |
|
929 |
11 |
| Black band stone |
3 |
3 |
|
933 |
2 |
| Limestone |
5 |
6 |
|
938 |
8 |
| Beddy sandstone |
13 |
0 |
|
951 |
8 |
| Blue metal, with hard bands |
57 |
0 |
|
1008 |
8 |
| Limestone |
28 |
0 |
|
1036 |
8 |
| Ten-Yard or Great Lime, at Shilbottle Townhead Quarry, Whittle, Newton, Brinkburn, Beadnell, Spital, Ford, Dryburn, and Barrington. At Ebsnook, near Beadnell, this limestone contains a portion of magnesia. |
0 |
0 |
|
1036 |
8 |
| Blue metal, with bands |
6 |
6 |
|
1043 |
2 |
| Sandstone |
35 |
6 |
|
1078 |
8 |
| COAL |
3 |
6 |
|
1082 |
2 |
| At Shilbottle Townhead, Whittle, Newton, Brinkburn, Beadnell, Dryburn, Longframlington Lowick, Embleton, Littlehoughton, Denwick, Hawkhill, Tuggall, and Christon Bank. |
0 |
0 |
|
1082 |
2 |
| Fire clay and black dent |
7 |
0 |
|
1089 |
2 |
| Coarse sandstone |
74 |
0 |
|
1163 |
2 |
| At Longhoughton Station and Buston Quarry. |
0 |
0 |
|
1163 |
2 |
| Blue metal |
39 |
0 |
|
1202 |
2 |
| Limestone, and metal about 30 inches thick |
28 |
0 |
|
1230 |
2 |
| Eight-Yard Stone, at Shillbottle, Beadnell, Newton, Brinkburn, Tuggall, Embleton, Christon Bank, Rock, Denwick, Lowick, Beal, and Kyloe. With marine fossils. |
0 |
0 |
|
1230 |
2 |
| COAL and black dent |
0 |
6 |
|
1230 |
8 |
| White hard sandstone |
10 |
0 |
|
1240 |
8 |
| Brown sandstone |
15 |
0 |
|
1255 |
8 |
| Blue metal and ironstone |
41 |
0 |
|
1296 |
8 |
| Limestone |
18 |
0 |
|
1314 |
8 |
| Six-Yard Stone, at Beadnell, Denwick, Little Mill, Hawkhill, Shilbottle, Lowick, Tuggall, Scremerston, Holy Island, Newton, Brinkburn, Rock, and Whittle. |
0 |
0 |
|
1314 |
8 |
| COAL |
0 |
6 |
|
1315 |
2 |
| Grey slaty sandstone |
15 |
4 |
|
1330 |
6 |
| Blue metal |
21 |
4 |
|
1351 |
10 |
| Limestone |
2 |
0 |
|
1353 |
10 |
| Thill stone and sandstone |
5 |
0 |
|
1358 |
10 |
| Grey metal |
11 |
0 |
|
1369 |
10 |
| COAL |
2 |
4 |
|
1372 |
2 |
| Shilbottle Main Coal or Lowick Lime Coal, at Brinkburn, Littlehoughton, Denwick, Hawkhill, Shilbottle, Beadnell, Tuggall, Embleton, Christon Bank, Rock, Lowick, Beal, Holy Island and Newton. |
0 |
0 |
|
1372 |
2 |
| Grey freestone thill |
8 |
0 |
|
1380 |
2 |
| Blue metal |
13 |
0 |
|
1393 |
2 |
| Beddy sandstone |
37 |
0 |
|
1430 |
2 |
| * Pale blue metal |
10 |
0 |
|
1440 |
2 |
| Black limestone |
7 |
0 |
|
1447 |
2 |
| Grey slaty sandstone |
27 |
2 |
|
1474 |
4 |
| Limestone |
27 |
0 |
|
1501 |
4 |
| Nine-Yard or Main Lime, at Beadnell Main Quarry, Shilbottle Tile Sheds, Brinkburn, Newhouses Woods, Tuggall, North Sunderland, Beadnell, Falloden, Rock, Denwick, Lowick, Hetton Coal Houses, Oxford, and Greenses. |
0 |
0 |
|
1501 |
4 |
| Sandstone |
30 |
0 |
|
1531 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
18 |
0 |
|
1549 |
4 |
| Limestone |
5 |
0 |
|
1554 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
12 |
0 |
|
1566 |
4 |
| COAL |
3 |
2 |
|
1569 |
6 |
| Beadnell Main Coal, at North Sunderland. Beadnell, Falloden, Rock, Denwick (big coal), Shilbottle Tile Sheds, Greenses, Hetton Coal Houses, Ancroft, and Oxford. |
0 |
0 |
|
1569 |
6 |
| Grey sandstone thill |
5 |
0 |
|
1574 |
6 |
| Beddy sandstone |
12 |
0 |
|
1586 |
6 |
| COAL |
1 |
5 |
|
1587 |
11 |
| Beadnell Windmill Coal. |
0 |
0 |
|
1587 |
11 |
| Grey beddy sandstone |
45 |
0 |
|
1632 |
11 |
| Pale blue metal |
7 |
6 |
|
1640 |
5 |
| Grey beddy sandstone |
9 |
0 |
|
1649 |
5 |
| Blue metal |
10 |
0 |
|
1659 |
5 |
| Red sandstone |
38 |
0 |
|
1697 |
5 |
| Grey metal |
22 |
6 |
|
1719 |
11 |
| Limestone |
2 |
6 |
|
1722 |
5 |
| Grey beddy sandstone |
6 |
6 |
|
1728 |
11 |
| Grey metal |
29 |
6 |
|
1758 |
5 |
| COAL |
1 |
4 |
|
1759 |
9 |
| Stoneclose Coal, at Beadnell and Stoneclose. |
0 |
0 |
|
1759 |
9 |
| Grey beddy sandstone |
10 |
0 |
|
1769 |
9 |
| Blue metal |
5 |
1 |
|
1774 |
10 |
| Beddy sandstone |
9 |
6 |
|
1784 |
4 |
| Blue metal |
18 |
8 |
|
1803 |
0 |
| Limestone brat |
2 |
6 |
|
1805 |
6 |
| Limestone |
12 |
0 |
|
1817 |
6 |
| Five-Yard or Stoneclose Limestone, at Beadnell. |
0 |
0 |
|
1817 |
6 |
| COAL |
0 |
4 |
|
1817 |
10 |
| Grey thill stone |
9 |
0 |
|
1826 |
10 |
| Grey beddy sandstone |
12 |
0 |
|
1838 |
10 |
| Limestone |
5 |
0 |
|
1843 |
10 |
| At Fleetham and Newton Mill. |
0 |
0 |
|
1843 |
10 |
| COAL |
1 |
4 |
|
1845 |
2 |
| Swinhoe Coal, at Beadnell, Swinhoe, Fleetham, and Broomford. |
0 |
0 |
|
1845 |
2 |
| Grey sandstone |
27 |
4 |
|
1872 |
6 |
| Grey metal |
9 |
2 |
|
1881 |
8 |
| White sandstone |
12 |
6 |
|
1894 |
2 |
| Blue metal |
36 |
0 |
|
1930 |
2 |
| Limestone |
6 |
0 |
|
1936 |
2 |
| COAL |
0 |
9 |
|
1936 |
11 |
| Grey metal |
24 |
0 |
|
1960 |
11 |
| COAL |
1 |
6 |
|
1962 |
5 |
| Hetton, Fleetham, or Muckle Howgate Coal, at Beadnell, Swinhoe, Fleetham, Coalybars, Doxford, Hickley, Rugly, Hetton, Chatton, Woodside, Fenwick, and Doddington. Crops out ins freestone quarry at Alnwick Moor. |
0 |
0 |
|
1962 |
5 |
| Alnwick Moor Quarry. |
0 |
0 |
|
1962 |
5 |
| Grey metal and sandstone |
66 |
0 |
|
2028 |
5 |
| Blue metal |
18 |
0 |
|
2046 |
5 |
| Limestone |
15 |
0 |
|
2061 |
5 |
| Hobberlaw Stone, at Beadnell, Swimhoe, Coldrife, Hetton Coal Houses, Lowick, Barmoor, Fassett, Woodside, Chatton, Hobberlaw, Rugly, Ford Moss, and Botany. |
0 |
0 |
|
2061 |
5 |
| COAL |
0 |
4 |
|
2061 |
9 |
| Beddy sandstone, with metal partings |
60 |
0 |
|
2121 |
9 |
| COAL |
0 |
10 |
|
2122 |
7 |
| Grey metal and dun sandstone |
48 |
8 |
|
2171 |
3 |
| White limestone |
6 |
0 |
|
2177 |
3 |
| Dunstone, at North of Beadnell, Fleetham, Coldrife, and Detchant. |
0 |
0 |
|
2177 |
3 |
| Sandstone |
36 |
0 |
|
2213 |
3 |
| COAL |
0 |
9 |
|
2214 |
0 |
| Grey sandstone |
42 |
0 |
|
2256 |
0 |
| COAL |
2 |
0 |
|
2258 |
0 |
| Hobberlaw, Coldside, or Fassett Coal, at Hetton Coal Houses Doddington, Ford Moss, Fassett, Scremerston. Chatton, Hobberlaw, Allerdene, and Botany, |
0 |
0 |
|
2258 |
0 |
| Grey posty metal |
18 |
0 |
|
2276 |
0 |
| COAL |
2 |
6 |
|
2278 |
6 |
| At Hetton Coal Houses. |
0 |
0 |
|
2278 |
6 |
| Grey sandstone and metal bands |
120 |
0 |
|
2398 |
6 |
| Yellow sandstone |
114 |
0 |
|
2512 |
6 |
| At Reigham Quarry. |
0 |
0 |
|
2512 |
6 |
| Limestone |
2 |
0 |
|
2514 |
6 |
| Grey sandstone and metals |
54 |
0 |
|
2568 |
6 |
| COAL |
5 |
6 |
|
2574 |
0 |
| COAL |
0 |
10 |
|
|
|
| Band stone |
0 |
8 |
|
|
|
| COAL |
4 |
0 |
|
|
|
| Crow Coal, Scremerston Main Coal, or Blackhill Seams, at Scremerston, Unthank, Etal, Ford Moss, Detchant, Eglingham, Barmoor, Leamington, Chatton, Alnwick Moor, and Bannamoor. |
0 |
0 |
|
2574 |
0 |
| White metal |
0 |
6 |
|
2574 |
6 |
| Grey ribby sandstone |
18 |
0 |
|
2592 |
6 |
| COAL |
3 |
0 |
|
2595 |
6 |
| Stony or Hardy Coal, at Etal. |
0 |
0 |
|
2595 |
6 |
| Sandstones |
120 |
0 |
|
2715 |
6 |
| At Stonypeth. |
0 |
0 |
|
2715 |
6 |
| Limestone |
2 |
6 |
|
2718 |
0 |
| COAL |
4 |
0 |
|
2722 |
0 |
| Main Coal, Cancer, or Bulman Seam, at Spital, Unthank, Shoreswood, Greenlawalls, Etal, Ford Moss, Barmoor, Doddington, Detchant, Eglingham, Leamington, Debden, Chatton, Botany, Clattery, and Bannamoor. |
0 |
0 |
|
2722 |
0 |
| Grey sandstone |
60 |
0 |
|
2782 |
0 |
| COAL |
1 |
0 |
|
2783 |
0 |
| Grey sandstone and metal |
18 |
0 |
|
2801 |
0 |
| Limestone |
2 |
0 |
|
2803 |
0 |
| Metal |
6 |
0 |
|
2809 |
0 |
| Limestone |
2 |
0 |
|
2811 |
0 |
| Grey sandstone and metals |
60 |
0 |
|
2871 |
0 |
| Limestone |
1 |
6 |
|
2872 |
6 |
| COAL |
2 |
6 |
|
2875 |
0 |
| Three-Quarter Coal, at Etal and Felkington. |
0 |
0 |
|
2875 |
0 |
| Bastard sandstone or ironstone |
3 |
0 |
|
2878 |
0 |
| Blue metal |
2 |
0 |
|
2880 |
0 |
| Limestone |
1 |
6 |
|
2881 |
6 |
| COAL |
2 |
9 |
|
2884 |
3 |
| Cooper Eye Coal, at Berwick Hill, Morton, Shoreswood, Greenlawalls, Etal, Ford Moss, Detchant, and Chatton. |
0 |
0 |
|
2884 |
3 |
| Grey sandstone thill |
12 |
0 |
|
2896 |
3 |
| Limestone |
4 |
0 |
|
2900 |
3 |
| Metals and thin limestones |
42 |
0 |
|
2942 |
3 |
| Blue metals |
12 |
0 |
|
2954 |
3 |
| COAL |
4 |
9 |
|
2959 |
0 |
| COAL |
1 |
3 |
|
|
|
| Band stone |
1 |
6 |
|
|
|
| COAL |
2 |
0 |
|
|
|
| Wester Coal Seam, at Ford Moss and Doddington. This is the lowest coal worked. |
0 |
0 |
|
2961 |
6 |
| Grey thill stone |
2 |
6 |
|
2961 |
6 |
| White sandstone |
15 |
6 |
|
2977 |
0 |
| Pale blue metal |
12 |
0 |
|
2989 |
0 |
| Sandstone |
45 |
0 |
|
3034 |
0 |
| Beddy freestone and metal |
64 |
0 |
|
3098 |
0 |
| Sandstone |
112 |
0 |
|
3210 |
0 |
| Beddy sandstone |
56 |
0 |
|
3266 |
0 |
| Blue metal and iron bands |
78 |
0 |
|
3344 |
0 |
| Metal and bands of sandstone |
48 |
0 |
|
3392 |
0 |
| Sandstone |
42 |
0 |
|
3434 |
0 |
| Grey metal, with bands 4 inches to 12 inches thick |
135 |
0 |
|
3569 |
0 |
| Pale blue metal, with bands 4 inches to 24 inches thick |
58 |
0 |
|
3627 |
0 |
| Sandstone bands, with metal partings |
62 |
0 |
|
3689 |
0 |
| Soft green metal |
9 |
0 |
|
3698 |
0 |
| Beddy green sandstone |
45 |
0 |
|
3743 |
0 |
| Pale blue metal |
123 |
0 |
|
3866 |
0 |
| Hard white metal |
3 |
6 |
|
3869 |
6 |
| Very hard band stone |
2 |
6 |
|
3872 |
0 |
| Hard bastard band stone |
5 |
0 |
|
3877 |
0 |
| Hard iron bands |
4 |
6 |
|
3881 |
6 |
| White metal |
2 |
6 |
|
3884 |
0 |
| White beddy sandstone |
4 |
0 |
|
3888 |
0 |
| Pale blue metal |
4 |
0 |
|
3892 |
0 |
| Hard flinty stone |
5 |
0 |
|
3897 |
0 |
| Beds of hard sandstone |
6 |
0 |
|
3903 |
0 |
| Sandstone |
2 |
0 |
|
3905 |
0 |
| Hard band beds |
2 |
0 |
|
3907 |
0 |
| Pale blue metal |
9 |
0 |
|
3916 |
0 |
| Hard sandstone bands, with partings |
8 |
9 |
|
3924 |
9 |
| Hard flinty stone |
2 |
0 |
|
3926 |
9 |
| Hard bands, wih metal partings |
9 |
0 |
|
3935 |
9 |
| Sandstone |
2 |
6 |
|
3938 |
3 |
| White metal |
4 |
0 |
|
3942 |
3 |
| Hard bastard stone |
1 |
10 |
|
3944 |
1 |
| Green metal |
4 |
0 |
|
3948 |
1 |
| Hard bands, with soft partings |
3 |
0 |
|
3951 |
1 |
| Pale metal |
3 |
0 |
|
3954 |
1 |
| Sandstone bands |
2 |
0 |
|
3956 |
1 |
| Pale blue metal |
4 |
0 |
|
3960 |
1 |
| Beddy sandstone |
19 |
0 |
|
3979 |
1 |
| Hard bastard bands 3 inches and 4 inches thick |
6 |
0 |
|
3985 |
1 |
| Pale metal |
8 |
0 |
|
3993 |
1 |
| Hard white stone |
6 |
0 |
|
3999 |
1 |
| Hard band stone |
11 |
8 |
|
4010 |
9 |
| Pale metal |
3 |
6 |
|
4014 |
3 |
| Hard stone |
2 |
6 |
|
4016 |
9 |
| Grey metal |
3 |
0 |
|
4019 |
9 |
| Hard sandstone |
2 |
0 |
|
4021 |
9 |
| Hard iron or bastard limestone bands |
2 |
0 |
|
4023 |
9 |
| Grey metal |
11 |
0 |
|
4034 |
9 |
| Hard bands 3 inches and 4 inches thick |
2 |
0 |
|
4036 |
9 |
| Grey metal stone |
0 |
10 |
|
4037 |
7 |
| * Approximate horizon of whin sill |
0 |
0 |
|
4037 |
7 |
|
Source: An Account of the strata of Northumberland & Durham as proved by Borings & Sinkings, Volume L-R, published by the North of England Institute of Mining & Mechanical Engineers, 1887
original entry for sinking/boring number 1389 in "An Account of the strata of Northumberland & Durham as proved by Borings & Sinkings, Volume L-R, published by the North of England Institute of Mining & Mechanical Engineers, 1887"
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