This article is from Chapter 5 of "Mining, an elementary treatise on the getting of minerals"
by Arnold Lupton, M.I.C.E., F.G.S. etc. published in 1893.
Arnold Lupton is described on the flyleaf of the book as a Mining Engineer, Certificated Colliery
Manager, Surveyor, etc. Professor of Coal Mining at the Victoria University, Yorkshire College, Leeds ;
Professor of Mining at the Derbyshire County Council selected Mining Class, Derby ; Examiner in Mine
Surveying, City and Guilds Central Institution, London.
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